Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent nutritional disorder and the most common cause of anemia worldwide, affecting almost two billion people. It remains a significant public health challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries, among infants, adolescents, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age. Although prevention and treatment are effective, morbidity and poor quality of life persist because of delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Objectives: The goal of the study is to summarize the current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of iron deficiency anemia, and to review recent advances and future perspectives for this disease.

Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library were searched to conduct a narrative review. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and clinical guidelines from international groups relevant to the clinical question were prioritized for inclusion and considered if published between 2020 and 2025. Where appropriate, landmark studies were featured to provide historical context. Retrieved information was critically analyzed and synthesized to provide an updated perspective on current concepts of iron-deficiency anemia.

Results: Iron deficiency anemia has been shown to adversely affect cognitive performance, immune function, physical performance, pregnancy outcomes, and quality of life. The discovery of the hepcidin pathway and the physiological role of hepcidin–ferroportin have improved diagnosis and personalized treatment approaches. Serum ferritin is the most useful diagnostic biomarker, and soluble transferrin receptor and hepcidin assays are useful in complex clinical settings

Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia needs to be targeted at its source through early diagnosis, evidence-based treatment, and effective public health interventions to help reduce the global burden of IDA. Further study of new biomarkers and treatments could improve patients' lives and contribute to global efforts to reduce anemia.